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	<title>Serabe Reloaded &#187; Maths</title>
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	<description>Conecto ergo sum. Non conecto ergo urgueo.</description>
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		<title>Simple mathematical concepts I: Induction.</title>
		<link>http://www.serabe.com/2010/03/29/simple-mathematical-concepts-i-induction/</link>
		<comments>http://www.serabe.com/2010/03/29/simple-mathematical-concepts-i-induction/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 28 Mar 2010 23:54:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Serabe</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Mathematics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[induction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Maths]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[simple concepts]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.serabe.com/?p=505</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[After reading this and this I realized something is really, really wrong about mathematical concepts out there. Proof by induction is a really, really simple yet powerful proof method.  In this post, I will talk about induction for natural numbers. Induction is based on two steps, usually called basis and inductive step. I will proof [...]]]></description>
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After reading <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/9fke9/how_do_i_get_a_better_grasp_of_proofs_by_induction/c0ckxl4" title="Reddit comment" >this</a> and <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/9fke9/how_do_i_get_a_better_grasp_of_proofs_by_induction/c0cl47i" title="Reddit comment" >this</a> I realized something is really, really wrong about mathematical concepts out there. Proof by induction is a really, really simple yet powerful proof method.  In this post, I will talk about induction for natural numbers.</p>
<p>Induction is based on two steps, usually called <strong>basis</strong> and <strong>inductive step</strong>. I will proof that 1+2+&#8230;+n=n(n+1)/2  for all natural numbers using induction.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Basis</strong> or <strong>base case</strong> consists on proving the predicate for an initial value, usually a small one. In the example 1=1*2/2=1.</li>
<li><strong>Inductive step</strong> consists on supposing the <em>if</em> the predicate holds for <em>n</em>, then it also holds for n+1. In the example:</li>
</ol>
<p>1+2+&#8230;+n+(n+1)=(n+1)+n(n+1)/2 because we supposed that predicate held for <em>n</em>. We need to prove that this expression is equivalent to (n+1)(n+2)/2. Indeed,</p>
<p>(n+1)+n(n+1)/2=(n+1)(1+n/2)=(n+1)((2+n)/2)=(n+1)(2+n)/2</p>
<p>so the predicate has been proofed for all natural numbers.</p>
<p><strong>Why does induction work?</strong></p>
<p>Think of any natural number, as big as you want. Got it? We know that the predicate holds for 1, and that if the predicate holds for a number it holds for its successor. So it holds for 2, and for 3 and so on until it reach your number.</p>
<p><strong>Other types of induction.</strong></p>
<p>There are several types of inductions. Two of these types are <strong>structural induction</strong> and <strong>complete induction</strong>.</p>
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		<title>Problema 2</title>
		<link>http://www.serabe.com/2008/03/23/problema-2/</link>
		<comments>http://www.serabe.com/2008/03/23/problema-2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 23 Mar 2008 21:37:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Serabe</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Anti-GOTAM]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Maths]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Programming]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ruby]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[RubyEuler]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[euler project]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[programming]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[RbEuler]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.serabe.com/2008/03/23/problema-2/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Enunciado: Suma todos los nÃºmeros pares de la sucesiÃ³n de Fibonacci menores que un cuatro millÃ³n. Primera soluciÃ³n: La primera soluciÃ³n es muy simple. Hay un mÃ©todo que devuelve un array con todos los nÃºmeros de la sucesiÃ³n de Fibonacci menores que un mÃ¡ximo max tomando como inicio un array de dos elementos arr. PLAIN [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Enunciado:</strong><br />
Suma todos los nÃºmeros pares de la sucesiÃ³n de Fibonacci menores que un <em>cuatro</em> millÃ³n.</p>
<p><strong>Primera soluciÃ³n:</strong></p>
<p>La primera soluciÃ³n es muy simple. Hay un mÃ©todo que devuelve un array con todos los nÃºmeros de la sucesiÃ³n de Fibonacci menores que un mÃ¡ximo <em>max</em> tomando como inicio un array de dos elementos <em>arr</em>.</p>
<div class="igBar"><span id="lruby-6"><a href="#" onclick="javascript:showPlainTxt('ruby-6'); return false;">PLAIN TEXT</a></span></div>
<div class="syntax_hilite"><span class="langName">RUBY:</span>
<div id="ruby-6">
<div class="ruby">
<ol>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">def</span> fib1<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>max,arr=<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span>,<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#93;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">while</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>arr.<span style="color:#9900CC;">last</span> &lt;max<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span> <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">do</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; &nbsp; arr &lt;&lt;<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>arr.<span style="color:#9900CC;">last</span>+arr<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#91;</span>arr.<span style="color:#9900CC;">size</span>-<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">2</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#93;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; arr.<span style="color:#9900CC;">pop</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; arr</div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<p>DespuÃ©s simplemente se eliminan los impares y se suman los que quedan.</p>
<div class="igBar"><span id="lruby-7"><a href="#" onclick="javascript:showPlainTxt('ruby-7'); return false;">PLAIN TEXT</a></span></div>
<div class="syntax_hilite"><span class="langName">RUBY:</span>
<div id="ruby-7">
<div class="ruby">
<ol>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">def</span> euler2a<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>max, ini=<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span>,<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#93;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; fib1<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>max,ini<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>.<span style="color:#9900CC;">delete_if</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#123;</span>|x| x%<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">2</span> == <span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#125;</span>.<span style="color:#9900CC;">inject</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#123;</span>|memo,obj| memo+obj<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#125;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp;</div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#CC0066; font-weight:bold;">puts</span> euler2a<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>4e6<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Segunda soluciÃ³n:</strong></p>
<p>Esta soluciÃ³n es un poco mejor. Se va a hacer un nuevo mÃ©todo que calcule todos los nÃºmeros de la sucesiÃ³n de Fibonacci menores que un mÃ¡ximo <strong>max</strong> pero que sÃ³lo almacene aquellos que pasen una condiciÃ³n que se le pasa como bloque:</p>
<div class="igBar"><span id="lruby-8"><a href="#" onclick="javascript:showPlainTxt('ruby-8'); return false;">PLAIN TEXT</a></span></div>
<div class="syntax_hilite"><span class="langName">RUBY:</span>
<div id="ruby-8">
<div class="ruby">
<ol>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">def</span> fib2<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>max,a=<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span>,b=<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; arr = <span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#93;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; arr &lt;&lt;a <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">if</span> <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">yield</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>a<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">while</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>b&lt;max<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span> <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">do</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; &nbsp; arr &lt;&lt;b <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">if</span> <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">yield</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>b<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; &nbsp; a,b=b,a+b</div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; arr</div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<p>DespuÃ©s sÃ³lo hace falta pasar el filtro adecuado, y sumar los resultados:</p>
<div class="igBar"><span id="lruby-9"><a href="#" onclick="javascript:showPlainTxt('ruby-9'); return false;">PLAIN TEXT</a></span></div>
<div class="syntax_hilite"><span class="langName">RUBY:</span>
<div id="ruby-9">
<div class="ruby">
<ol>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">def</span> euler2b<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>max,a=<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span>,b=<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; fib2<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>max,a,b<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#123;</span>|x| x%<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">2</span>==<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">0</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#125;</span>.<span style="color:#9900CC;">inject</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#123;</span>|memo,obj| memo+obj<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#125;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp;</div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#CC0066; font-weight:bold;">puts</span> euler2b<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>4e6<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Tercera soluciÃ³n:</strong></p>
<p>Esta tercera soluciÃ³n es una modificaciÃ³n directa de la segunda. En vez de almacenar los datos, se suman directamente.</p>
<div class="igBar"><span id="lruby-10"><a href="#" onclick="javascript:showPlainTxt('ruby-10'); return false;">PLAIN TEXT</a></span></div>
<div class="syntax_hilite"><span class="langName">RUBY:</span>
<div id="ruby-10">
<div class="ruby">
<ol>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">def</span> fib3<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>max,a=<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span>,b=<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; res = <span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">0</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; res += a <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">if</span> <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">yield</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>a<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">while</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>b&lt;max<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span> <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">do</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; &nbsp; res += b <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">if</span> <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">yield</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>b<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; &nbsp; a,b=b,a+b</div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; res</div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp;</div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">def</span> euler2c<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>max,a=<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span>,b=<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; fib3<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>max,a,b<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#123;</span>|x| x%<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">2</span>==<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">0</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#125;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp;</div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#CC0066; font-weight:bold;">puts</span> euler2c<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>4e6<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<p>Y eso es todo.</p>
<p><strong>ActualizaciÃ³n:</strong> Hay diferencias entre la pÃ¡gina de PyEuler y la del Proyecto Euler. El problema ha sido actualizado para corresponderse con esta Ãºltima.</p>
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		<title>Tweets del 19-03-2008</title>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Mar 2008 22:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>Problema 1</title>
		<link>http://www.serabe.com/2008/02/27/problema-1/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2008 12:20:56 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.serabe.com/2008/02/27/problema-1/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Empiezo aquÃ­ una serie de artÃ­culos de periodicidad variable que lo Ãºnico que pretende es ser algo similar (de una manera muy amplia) a PyEuler. La lista completa de problemas estÃ¡ en el Proyecto Euler y, como no podÃ­a ser de otra manera, empiezo por el primero. Enunciado: Halla la suma de todos los nÃºmeros [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Empiezo aquÃ­ una serie de artÃ­culos de periodicidad variable que lo Ãºnico que pretende es ser algo similar (de una manera muy amplia) a <a href="http://pyeuler.wikidot.com/"  title="Sitio de PyEuler">PyEuler</a>. La lista completa de problemas estÃ¡ en el <a href="http://projecteuler.net/"  title="Sitio del Proyecto Euler">Proyecto Euler</a> y, como no podÃ­a ser de otra manera, empiezo por el primero.</p>
<p><strong>Enunciado:</strong><br />
Halla la suma de todos los nÃºmeros menores que 1000 y mÃºltiplos de 3 o de 5.</p>
<p><strong>SoluciÃ³n 1:</strong></p>
<div class="igBar"><span id="lruby-16"><a href="#" onclick="javascript:showPlainTxt('ruby-16'); return false;">PLAIN TEXT</a></span></div>
<div class="syntax_hilite"><span class="langName">RUBY:</span>
<div id="ruby-16">
<div class="ruby">
<ol>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">def</span> euler1a<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>e, numbers<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; <span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span>..<span style="color:#9900CC;">e</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>.<span style="color:#CC0066; font-weight:bold;">select</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#123;</span>|x| numbers.<span style="color:#9900CC;">any</span>?<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#123;</span>|y| <span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>x%y == <span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">0</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#125;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#125;</span>.<span style="color:#9900CC;">inject</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#123;</span>|memo,o| memo+=o<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#125;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp;</div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#CC0066; font-weight:bold;">puts</span> euler1a<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1000</span>,<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">3</span>,<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">5</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#93;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
La explicaciÃ³n es simple. Tenemos un rango desde 1 hasta el lÃ­mite, filtramos los que son mÃºltiplos de algÃºn elemento del array y despuÃ©s se suman.</p>
<p><strong>SoluciÃ³n 2:</strong></p>
<div class="igBar"><span id="lruby-17"><a href="#" onclick="javascript:showPlainTxt('ruby-17'); return false;">PLAIN TEXT</a></span></div>
<div class="syntax_hilite"><span class="langName">RUBY:</span>
<div id="ruby-17">
<div class="ruby">
<ol>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">def</span> euler1b<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>e,numbers<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; <span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span>..<span style="color:#9900CC;">e</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>.<span style="color:#9900CC;">inject</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">0</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#123;</span>|memo,o| <span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>numbers.<span style="color:#9900CC;">any</span>?<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#123;</span>|x| <span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>o%x<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>==<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">0</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#125;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span> ? memo+o : memo <span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#125;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp;</div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#CC0066; font-weight:bold;">puts</span> euler1b<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1000</span>,<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">3</span>,<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">5</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#93;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Ã‰ste es similar al anterior, sÃ³lo que se suma segÃºn se recorre el rango.</p>
<p><strong>SoluciÃ³n 3:</strong><br />
Para este necesitamos antes un par de funciones. La primera, halla el mÃ¡ximo comÃºn divisor de dos nÃºmeros. Para ello, bÃ¡sicamente usa el <a rel="nofollow" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoritmo_de_Euclides"  title="Wikipedia">algoritmo de Euclides</a>.</p>
<div class="igBar"><span id="lruby-18"><a href="#" onclick="javascript:showPlainTxt('ruby-18'); return false;">PLAIN TEXT</a></span></div>
<div class="syntax_hilite"><span class="langName">RUBY:</span>
<div id="ruby-18">
<div class="ruby">
<ol>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">def</span> mcd<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>n1,n2<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">if</span> n1 &lt;n2</div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; &nbsp; mcd<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>n2,n1<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">elsif</span> <span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>n1%n2<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span> == <span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">0</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; &nbsp; n2</div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">else</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; &nbsp; mcd<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>n2,n1%n2<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; <span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<p>Por otra parte, estÃ¡ la funciÃ³n que calcula el mÃ­nimo comÃºn mÃºltiplo. Para ello usa su relaciÃ³n con el <abbr title="MÃ¡ximo ComÃºn Divisor">m.c.d.</abbr>.</p>
<div class="igBar"><span id="lruby-19"><a href="#" onclick="javascript:showPlainTxt('ruby-19'); return false;">PLAIN TEXT</a></span></div>
<div class="syntax_hilite"><span class="langName">RUBY:</span>
<div id="ruby-19">
<div class="ruby">
<ol>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">def</span> mcm<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>n1,n2<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; n1*n2/mcd<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>n1,n2<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<p>Con esto, ya podemos pasar a la tercera soluciÃ³n, que es diferente de las otras dos en que sÃ³lo sirve si utilizamos dos nÃºmeros como filtro.</p>
<div class="igBar"><span id="lruby-20"><a href="#" onclick="javascript:showPlainTxt('ruby-20'); return false;">PLAIN TEXT</a></span></div>
<div class="syntax_hilite"><span class="langName">RUBY:</span>
<div id="ruby-20">
<div class="ruby">
<ol>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">def</span> euler1c<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>limit, n1, n2<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp; <span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>n1*<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>limit/n1<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>*<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>limit/n1<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>+<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>/<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">2</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>+n2*<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>limit/n2<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>*<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>limit/n2<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>+<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>/<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">2</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>-mcm<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>n1,n2<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>*<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>limit/mcm<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>n1,n2<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>*<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>limit/mcm<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span>n1,n2<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>+<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span>/<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">2</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#9966CC; font-weight:bold;">end</span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;color:#26536A;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;">&nbsp;</div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; color: black; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;color:#3A6A8B;">
<div style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color:#CC0066; font-weight:bold;">puts</span> euler1c<span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">1000</span>,<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">3</span>,<span style="color:#006666;color:#800000;">5</span><span style="color:#006600; font-weight:bold;">&#41;</span> </div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
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</div>
<p></p>
<p>La explicaciÃ³n es un poco mÃ¡s complicada, pues implica teorÃ­a bÃ¡sica de conjuntos y la conocida fÃ³rmula de la suma de 1 a n.</p>
<p>Ahora es vuestro turno. Â¿CÃ³mo se os ocurre hacerlo?</p>
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